Différences

Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.

--- 1_generalites:glossaire:les_differents_trucs_tex [2021/03/23 18:54] – Reformatage de la page. Correction des liens internes. jejust
+++ 1_generalites:glossaire:les_differents_trucs_tex [2021/04/02 06:53] (Version actuelle) – Suppression de la page désormais inutile. yannick.tanguy
@@ Ligne 1: / Ligne 1: @@
-====== Things with “TeX” in the name ======
-New TeX users are often baffled by the myriad terms with "TeX"
-in the name.  The goal of this answer is to clarify some of the more
-common such terms.
-===== TeX itself =====
-TeX proper is a typesetting system based on a set of low-level
-control sequences that instruct TeX how to lay out text on the
-page.  For example, ''\hskip'' inserts a given amount of horizontal
-space into the document, and ''\font'' makes a given font available
-in a document.  TeX is fully programmable using an integrated macro
-scripting language that supports variables, scoping, conditional
-execution, control flow, and function (really, macro) definitions.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_tex|what is TeX?]] for
-some background information on TeX and
-[[1_generalites:documentation:documents:aide-memoires:documents_de_reference|some reference documents]]
-for pointers to descriptions of TeX control sequences, data types,
-and other key parts of TeX.
-===== TeX macro packages (a.k.a. TeX formats) =====
-Some of TeX's control sequences are tedious to use directly; they are
-intended primarily as building blocks for higher-level --- and therefore
-more user-friendly ---  abstractions.  For example, there is no way in
-base TeX to specify that a piece of text should be typeset in a
-larger font.  Instead, one must keep track of the current size and
-typeface, load a new font with the same typeface but a (specified)
-larger size, and tell TeX to use that new font until instructed
-otherwise.  Fortunately, because TeX is programmable, it is
-possible to write a macro that hides this complexity behind a simple,
-new control sequence.  (For example, it is possible to define
-''\larger{my text}'' to typeset "my text" in at a font size
-next larger than the current one.)
-While some users write their own, perfectly customized set of
-macros --- which they then typically reuse across many documents --- it is
-far more common to rely upon a //macro package//, a collection of
-TeX macros written by experts.  For the user's convenience, these
-macro packages are often combined with the base TeX engine into a
-standalone executable.  The following are some of that macro packages
-that you are likely to encounter:
-==== Plain TeX ====
-  * Executable: ''tex''.
-See [[1_generalites:documentation:livres:documents_sur_tex|Books on TeX and Plain TeX]],
-[[1_generalites:documentation:documents:documents_sur_tex|Online introductions: TeX]],
-[[1_generalites:bases:dois_je_utiliser_tex_ou_latex|Should I use Plain TeX or LaTeX?]] and
-[[FAQ-ol-books|Freely available (La)TeX books]].
-Note that the Plain TeX executable is called ''tex''; the
-base TeX engine is generally provided by a separate executable
-such as ''initex'' or as a ''-ini'' flag to ''tex''.
-==== LaTeX ====
-  * Executable: ''latex''.
-See [[1_generalites:documentation:livres:documents_sur_latex|Books on TeX and its relations]],
-[[1_generalites:documentation:documents:tutoriels:tutoriaux|(La)TeX Tutorials, etc.]],
-[[1_generalites:documentation:documents:introductions:initiations_a_latex_sur_internet|Online introductions: LaTeX]] and
-[[1_generalites/documentation:documents:tutoriels:tutoriaux|Specialized (La)TeX tutorials]].
-Note that there have been two major versions of LaTeX: LaTeX2e
-refers to the current version of LaTeX while LaTeX 2.09 is the
-long-since-obsolete (since 1994) version (cf.
-[[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_latex2e|What is LaTeX2e?]] for more information).
-==== ConTeXt ====
-  * Executable: ''context''.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_context|What is ConTeXt?]].
-==== Texinfo ====
-  * Executables: ''tex'', ''makeinfo''.
-See [[1_generalites/glossaire/qu_est_ce_que_texinfo|What is Texinfo?]].
-''makeinfo'' converts Texinfo documents to HTML, DocBook, Emacs info,
-XML, and plain text.  ''Tex'' (or wrappers such as
-''texi2dvi'' and ''texi2pdf'') produce one of TeX's
-usual output formats such as DVI or PDF.  Because
-''tex'' loads the Plain TeX macros, not the Texinfo ones,
-a Texinfo document must begin with ''\input texinfo''
-explicitly load the Texinfo macro package.
-==== Eplain --- Extended Plain TeX  ====
-  * Executable: ''eplain''.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_eplain|What is Eplain?]].
-===== Modified ''tex'' executables =====
-The original ''tex'' executable was produced in the late 1970s
-(cf. [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_tex|What is TeX?]]) and consequently
-lacked some features that users have come to expect from today's
-software.  The following programs address these issues by augmenting
-the TeX engine with some additional useful features:
-==== pdfTeX ====
-  * Executable: ''pdftex''.
-TeX, which pre-dates the PDF file format by a decade,
-outputs files in a TeX-specific format called DVI
-(cf. [[5_fichiers:dvi:qu_est_qu_un_fichier_dvi|What is a DVI file?]]).  In
-contrast, pdfTeX can output both DVI //and// PDF
-files.  In PDF mode, it lets documents exploit various
-PDF features such as hyperlinks, bookmarks, and annotations,
-pdfTeX additionally supports two sophisticated micro-typographic
-features: character protrusion and font expansion.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_pdftex|What is pdfTeX?]].
-==== XeTeX ====
-  * Executable: ''xetex''.
-XeTeX reads UTF-8 encoded Unicode input, and extends
-TeX's font support to include "modern" formats such as
-OpenType; these extensions to its capabilities make it
-well-suited to multi-lingual texts covering different writing
-systems.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_xetex|What is XeTeX?]].
-==== LuaTeX ====
-  * Executable: ''luatex''.
-TeX is programmed in its own arcane, integrated, macro-based
-programming language.  LuaTeX adds a second programming engine
-using a modern scripting language, Lua, which is "embedded" in a
-TeX-alike engine; it too reads UTF-8 and uses OpenType fonts.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_luatex|What is LuaTeX?]].
-==== ε-TeX ====
-  * Executable: ''etex''.
-ε-TeX is an extension of TeX's programming interface; as such
-it's only indirectly useful to end users, but it can be valuable to
-package developers; there is an increasing number of macro packages
-that require the use of ε-TeX.  As well as existing in
-''etex'', ε-TeX features are usually available in the
-''pdftex'' executables provided in the standard
-distributions; XeTeX and LuaTeX also provide $\epsilon$-TeX's
-programming facilities.
-See [[1_generalites:glossaire:qu_est_ce_que_etex|What is ε-TeX?]].
-(Note: ε-TeX, which enhances the TeX engine, is not to be
-confused with Eplain, which enhances the Plain TeX macro
-package.)
-Because each of the above derive from a base TeX engine, it is in
-principle possible to combine any of them with one of the TeX macro
-packages listed earlier to produce "extended" executables.  For
-example, the ''pdflatex'', ''xelatex'' and ''lualatex'' executables
-each combine LaTeX with an enhanced TeX engine.  Indeed, all development
-of ConTeXt now uses LuaTeX.
-Some executables combine the features of multiple enhanced TeX
-engines: for example, ''pdftex'' now (in current distributions)
-offers both pdfTeX and ε-TeX extensions into a single executable
-This executable may be offered with a LaTeX format (as
-''latex'' or ''pdflatex'') or with a Plain TeX format
-(as ''pdftex'').  (''tex'' remains with an unadorned
-TeX executable using Plain TeX, for people such as Knuth himself,
-who want the certainty of the "original".)
-===== TeX distributions =====
-A //TeX distribution// provides a structured collection of
-TeX-related software.  Generally, a TeX distribution includes a
-set of "core" TeX executables such as ''tex'' and
-''latex''; various fonts optimized for use with TeX; helper
-programs such as the BibTeX bibliographic-database formatter,
-editors, integrated development environments, file-format-conversion
-programs; numerous LaTeX packages; configuration tools; and any
-other goodies the distributor chooses to include.
-Commonly encountered TeX distributions include TeX Live,
-MiKTeX and MacTeX; older ones include ozTeX,
-CMacTeX and teTeX.  MiKTeX is also available as the
-basis of the ProTeXt bundle, distributed on the TeX Live
-DVD mailing, as well as being available online.
-Some TeX distributions target a specific operating system and/or
-processor architecture; others run on multiple platforms.  Many TeX
-distributions are free; a few require payment.  See
-[[6_distributions:trouver_les_sources_pour_les_differents_systemes_d_exploitation2|(La)TeX for different machines]]
-for a list of free and shareware TeX distributions and
-[[6_distributions:implementations_commerciales|Commercial TeX implementations]]
-for a list of commercial TeX distributions.
-===== Summary =====
-What does it all mean? --- the simple lists of objects, alone, offer
-no help for the beginner.  The FAQ team expects this answer
-only to be of use for people who are seeking guidance elsewhere
-(possibly within these FAQs) and coming across an unexpected
-name like "blahTeX".
-The subject matter covered by this answer is also addressed in a page
-on the TUG site, "[[https://tug.org/levels.html|the Levels of TeX]]".
------
-//Source:// [[faquk>FAQ-texthings|Things with “TeX” in the name]]
-{{htmlmetatags>metatag-keywords=(LaTeX,glossaire,vocabulaire,dictionnaire de TeX,nom des moteurs)
-metatag-og:title=(Things with “TeX” in the name)
-metatag-og:site_name=(FAQ LaTeX francophone)
-}}