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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.

--- generalites:glossaire:les_differents_trucs_tex [2018/12/04 00:45] – jejust
+++ 1_generalites:glossaire:les_differents_trucs_tex [2021/04/02 06:53] (Version actuelle) – Suppression de la page désormais inutile. yannick.tanguy
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-====== Things with "TeX" in the name ======
-New TeX users are often baffled by the myriad terms with "TeX"
-in the name.  The goal of this answer is to clarify some of the more
-common such terms.
-===== TeX itself =====
-TeX proper is a typesetting system based on a set of low-level
-control sequences that instruct TeX how to lay out text on the
-page.  For example, ''\hskip'' inserts a given amount of horizontal
-space into the document, and ''\font'' makes a given font available
-in a document.  TeX is fully programmable using an integrated macro
-scripting language that supports variables, scoping, conditional
-execution, control flow, and function (really, macro) definitions.
-See
-[[FAQ-whatTeX|what is TeX?]] for some background
-information on TeX and
-[[FAQ-ref-doc|some reference documents]] for pointers to
-descriptions of TeX control sequences, data types, and other key
-parts of TeX.
-===== TeX macro packages (a.k.a. TeX formats) =====
-Some of TeX's control sequences are tedious to use directly; they are
-intended primarily as building blocks for higher-level --- and therefore
-more user-friendly ---  abstractions.  For example, there is no way in
-base TeX to specify that a piece of text should be typeset in a
-larger font.  Instead, one must keep track of the current size and
-typeface, load a new font with the same typeface but a (specified)
-larger size, and tell TeX to use that new font until instructed
-otherwise.  Fortunately, because TeX is programmable, it is
-possible to write a macro that hides this complexity behind a simple,
-new control sequence.  (For example, it is possible to define
-''\larger{my text}'' to typeset "my text" in
-at a font size next larger than the current one.)
-While some users write their own, perfectly customized set of
-macros --- which they then typically reuse across many documents --- it is
-far more common to rely upon a //macro package//, a collection of
-TeX macros written by experts.  For the user's convenience, these
-macro packages are often combined with the base TeX engine into a
-standalone executable.  The following are some of that macro packages
-that you are likely to encounter:
-  - Plain TeX (executable: ''tex'')
-  See
-  [[FAQ-tex-books|Books on TeX and Plain TeX]],
-  [[FAQ-man-tex|Online introductions: TeX]],
-  [[FAQ-plainvltx|Should I use Plain TeX or LaTeX?]] and
-  [[FAQ-ol-books|Freely available (La)TeX books]].
-  Note that the Plain TeX executable is called ''tex''; the
-  base TeX engine is generally provided by a separate executable
-  such as ''initex'' or as a ''-ini'' flag to
-  ''tex''.
-  - LaTeX (executable: ''latex'')
-  See
-  [[FAQ-latex-books|Books on TeX and its relations]],
-  [[FAQ-tutorialsstar|(La)TeX Tutorials, etc.]],
-  [[FAQ-man-latex|Online introductions: LaTeX]] and
-  [[FAQ-tutbitslatex|Specialized (La)TeX tutorials]].
-  Note that there have been two major versions of LaTeX: LaTeX2e
-  refers to the current version of LaTeX while LaTeX 2.09 is the
-  long-since-obsolete (since 1994) version (cf.
-  [[FAQ-latex2e|What is LaTeX2e?]] for more information).
-  - ConTeXt (executable: ''context'')
-  See
-  [[FAQ-ConTeXt|What is ConTeXt?]].
-  - Texinfo (executables: ''tex'', ''makeinfo'')
-  See
-  [[FAQ-texinfo|What is Texinfo?]].  ''makeinfo''
-  converts Texinfo documents to HTML, DocBook, Emacs info,
-  XML, and plain text.  ''Tex'' (or wrappers such as
-  ''texi2dvi'' and ''texi2pdf'') produce one of TeX's
-  usual output formats such as DVI or PDF.  Because
-  ''tex'' loads the Plain TeX macros, not the Texinfo ones,
-  a Texinfo document must begin with
-    ''\input texinfo''
-  explicitly load the Texinfo macro package.
-  - Eplain --- Extended Plain TeX (executable: ''eplain'')
-  See
-  [[FAQ-eplain|What is Eplain?]].
-===== Modified ''tex'' executables =====
-The original ''tex'' executable was produced in the late 1970s
-(cf. [[FAQ-whatTeX|What is TeX?]]) and consequently
-lacked some features that users have come to expect from today's
-software.  The following programs address these issues by augmenting
-the TeX engine with some additional useful features:
-  - pdfTeX (executable: ''pdftex'')
-  TeX, which pre-dates the PDF file format by a decade,
-  outputs files in a TeX-specific format called DVI
-  (cf. [[FAQ-dvi|What is a DVI file?]]).  In
-  contrast, pdfTeX can output both DVI //and// PDF
-  files.  In PDF mode, it lets documents exploit various
-  PDF features such as hyperlinks, bookmarks, and annotations,
-  pdfTeX additionally supports two sophisticated micro-typographic
-  features: character protrusion and font expansion.  See
-  [[FAQ-pdftex|What is pdfTeX?]].
-  - XeTeX (executable: ''xetex'')
-  XeTeX reads UTF-8 encoded Unicode input, and extends
-  TeX's font support to include "modern" formats such as
-  OpenType; these extensions to its capabilities make it
-  well-suited to multi-lingual texts covering different writing
-  systems.  See [[FAQ-xetex-luatex|What are XeTeX and LuaTeX?]].
-  - LuaTeX (executable: ''luatex'')
-  TeX is programmed in its own arcane, integrated, macro-based
-  programming language.  LuaTeX adds a second programming engine
-  using a modern scripting language, Lua, which is "embedded" in a
-  TeX-alike engine; it too reads UTF-8 and uses
-  OpenType fonts.  See
-  [[FAQ-xetex-luatex|What are XeTeX and LuaTeX?]].
-  - $\epsilon$-TeX (executable: ''etex'')
-  $\epsilon$-TeX is an extension of TeX's programming interface; as such
-  it's only indirectly useful to end users, but it can be valuable to
-  package developers; there is an increasing number of macro packages
-  that require the use of $\epsilon$-TeX.  As well as existing in
-  ''etex'', $\epsilon$-TeX features are usually available in the
-  ''pdftex'' executables provided in the standard
-  distributions; XeTeX and LuaTeX also provide $\epsilon$-TeX's
-  programming facilities.    See
-  [[FAQ-etex|What is $\epsilon$-TeX?]].
-  (Note: $\epsilon$-TeX, which enhances the TeX engine, is not to be
-  confused with Eplain, which enhances the Plain TeX macro
-  package.)
-Because each of the above derive from a base TeX engine, it is in
-principle possible to combine any of them with one of the TeX macro
-packages listed earlier to produce "extended" executables.  For
-example, the ''pdflatex'', ''xelatex'' and
-''lualatex'' executables each combine LaTeX with an enhanced
-TeX engine.  Indeed, all development of
-ConTeXt now uses LuaTeX.
-Some executables combine the features of multiple enhanced TeX
-engines: for example, ''pdftex'' now (in current distributions)
-offers both pdfTeX and $\epsilon$-TeX extensions into a single executable
-This executable may be offered with a LaTeX format (as
-''latex'' or ''pdflatex'') or with a Plain TeX format
-(as ''pdftex'').  (''tex'' remains with an unadorned
-TeX executable using Plain TeX, for people such as Knuth himself,
-who want the certainty of the "original".)
-===== TeX distributions =====
-A //TeX distribution// provides a structured collection of
-TeX-related software.  Generally, a TeX distribution includes a
-set of "core" TeX executables such as ''tex'' and
-''latex''; various fonts optimized for use with TeX; helper
-programs such as the BibTeX bibliographic-database formatter,
-editors, integrated development environments, file-format-conversion
-programs; numerous LaTeX packages; configuration tools; and any
-other goodies the distributor chooses to include.
-Commonly encountered TeX distributions include TeX Live,
-MiKTeX and MacTeX; older ones include ozTeX,
-CMacTeX and teTeX.  MiKTeX is also available as the
-basis of the ProTeXt bundle, distributed on the TeX Live
-DVD mailing, as well as being available online.
-Some TeX distributions target a specific operating system and/or
-processor architecture; others run on multiple platforms.  Many TeX
-distributions are free; a few require payment.  See
-[[FAQ-TeXsystems|(La)TeX for different machines]] for a
-list of free and shareware TeX distributions and
-[[FAQ-commercial|Commercial TeX implementations]] for a
-list of commercial TeX distributions.
-===== Summary =====
-What does it all mean? --- the simple lists of objects, alone, offer
-no help for the beginner.  The FAQ team expects this answer
-only to be of use for people who are seeking guidance elsewhere
-(possibly within these FAQs) and coming across an unexpected
-name like "blahTeX".
-The subject matter covered by this answer is also addressed in a page
-on the TUG site,
-"[[https://tug.org/levels.html|the Levels of TeX]]".
------
-//Source:// [[faquk>FAQ-texthings|Things with "TeX" in the name]]
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