====== Math on the Web ======

An earlier answer ([[5_fichiers:xml:convertir_du_latex_en_html|"converting to HTML"]])
addresses the issue of converting existing (La)TeX documents for
viewing on the Web as HTML.

Better font availability  and the support for new Web standards means
that there are now several possibilities for good rendering
of mathematics on the web. 

  * Font technologies: Direct representation of mathematics in browsers was hampered by the limited range of symbols in the fonts that were available. However, all modern operating systems now include OpenType fonts with large collections of symbols and the availablity of web font technology means that page authors may specify fonts without relying on the reader having pre-installed suitable fonts.

The available OpenType math fonts are discussed in [[5_fichiers:fontes:fontes_opentype_pour_les_mathematiques|OpenType fonts]].

  * Direct interpretaton of a subset of LaTeX math markup by Javascript. The speed of modern javaScript engines means that it is feasible to serve web pages that contain fragments of TeX markup that is converted in the reader's browser. Two main systems are in common use:

  * [[https://www.mathjax.org/|MathJax]] is the most widely used JavaScript Library for rendering mathematics.  It supports several input syntaxes includedin a subset of LaTeX math syntax, and may be configured to render using several output forms, MathML, or SVG or (most commonly) HTML+CSS. While normally used as a JavaScript Library running in the reader's browser it is also possible (using its [[https://nodejs.org/|Node.js]] interface) to do the conversion in advance,and serve the generated HTML pages.

  * [[https://khan.github.io/KaTeX/|KaTeX]] is a newer alternative JavasScript Library, its main aim is to be simpler and faster than MathJax. It has fewer input or output forms and covers a smaller range of LaTeX constructs, but is a viable alternative for pages that do not require the additional features of MathJax.

  * Conversion of (La)TeX source to XML is already available (through TeX4ht at least), and work continues in that arena.  The alternative, authoring in XML (thus producing documents that are immediately Web-friendly, if not ready) and using (La)TeX to typeset is also well advanced.  One useful technique is [//transforming// the XML to LaTeX](FAQ-SGML2TeX), using an XSLT stylesheet or code for an XML library, and then simply using LaTeX; alternatively, one may [[5_fichiers:xml:utiliser_latex_pour_lire_du_xml|typeset direct from the XML source]].

  * Direct representation of mathematics MathML is a standard for representing maths on the Web; Browser support for MathML is provided by ''firefox'', and ''safari'' and other browsers using te same underlying html rendering libraries.  At the current time it is not supported by Chrome or Edge browsers.  MathML in the page may be rendered by MathJax, with an output identical to its TeX r.endering. MathJax uses a variant of MathML as its intermediate format.

The [[https://www.mathjax.org/|MathJax project's site]] also allows you to download your own copy and install it on one of //your// servers.  ''MathJax'' is open source software.

  * An approach different from (La)TeX conversion is taken by the [[https://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/|//GELLMU// Project]]. Its //article// XML document type, which has a markup vocabulary close to LaTeX that can be edited using LaTeX-like markup (even though it is not LaTeX --- so far), comes with translators that make both PDF (via //pdflatex//) and XHTML+MathML.  Such an approach avoids the inherent limitations of the "traditional" (La)TeX translation processes, which have traps that can be sprung by unfettered use of (La)TeX markup.

  * Graphics  SVG is a standard for graphics representation on the web. While the natural use is for converting existing figures, representations of formulas are also possible.

  * An interesting alternative is [[http://www.forkosh.com/mathtex.html|MathTeX]], which sits on your server as a CGI script, and you use it to include your TeX, in your HTML, as if it were an image:
<code html>
<img src="/cgi-bin/mathtex.cgi?f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" />
</code>
([[ctanpkg>mathtex|Mathtex]] supersedes the author's earlier [[ctanpkg>mimetex]].)


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//Source:// [[faquk>FAQ-mathml|Math on the Web]]

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